9 Ağustos 2011 Salı

373. Günlük Yaşam. Kadın Casuslar veya Yaşayan Görür

Avustralya'nın Mata Hari'si öldü

09.08.2011 II. Dünya Savaşı'nda, Fransız direnişinin ve Normandiya Çıkarması'nın önemli casusu Avustralyalı Nancy Wake, 98 yaşında Londra'da öldü. II. Dünya Savaşı çıktığında Fransa-Marsilya'da oturan Wake, ikinci eşi Fransız sanayici işadamı Henri Fiocca ile evliydi. Fiocca, Gestapo'nun elinde öldürüldükten sonra İspanya ve Londra'ya kaçan Wake, burada İngiliz ordusunda istihbarat casusluk- sabotaj eğitimi aldı. İngiliz askeri istihbarat uzmanlarınca eğitilen Wake'e Gestapo "Ak Fare" adını takmıştı.



Nancy Wake

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nancy Wake
30 August 1912 – 7 August 2011 (aged 98)
Nancy Wake (1945).jpg
Nancy Wake c.1945
Nickname White Mouse, Heléne, Madame Andrée, Witch
Place of birth Wellington, New Zealand
Place of death London, England
Allegiance France
United Kingdom
Service/branch Special Operations Executive
First Aid Nursing Yeomanry
Years of service 1943–1945 (SOE)
Rank Captain
Unit Freelance
Battles/wars World War II
Awards Companion of the Order of Australia
George Medal
Officier de la Légion d'Honneur
Croix de guerre (France)
Medal of Freedom (United States)
RSA Badge in Gold (New Zealand)
Nancy Grace Augusta Wake AC, GM (30 August 1912 – 7 August 2011), nicknamed "The White Mouse", served as a British agent during the later part of World War II. She became a leading figure in the maquis groups of the French Resistance and became one of the Allies' most decorated servicewomen of the war.

 

Contents

 

Early life

Born in Roseneath, Wellington, New Zealand, Wake was the youngest of six children. In 1914, when she was two years old, her family moved to Sydney, Australia and settled at North Sydney.[1]  Later, her father Charles Wake went back to New Zealand and never returned to Sydney, leaving her mother Ella Wake (1874–1968) to raise the children. In Sydney, she attended the North Sydney Girls High School. At the age of 16, she ran away from home and worked as a nurse. With £200 that she had received from the will of an aunt, she journeyed to New York, then London where she trained herself as a journalist. In the 1930s she worked in Paris and later she worked for Hearst newspapers as a European correspondent. She witnessed the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, and witnessed the violence towards Jews, Gypsies, blacks and protesters on the Paris streets and in Vienna.

 

Wartime service and Special Operations Executive

In 1937 she met wealthy French industrialist Henri Edmond Fiocca (1898–1943), whom she married on 30 November 1939. She was living in Marseille, France when Germany invaded. After the fall of France in the 1940s, she became a courier for the French Resistance and later joined the escape network of Captain Ian Garrow. In reference to her ability to elude capture, the Gestapo called her the White Mouse. The French Resistance had to be very careful with her missions as her life was in constant danger and the Gestapo were tapping her phone and intercepting her mail.[2] By 1943, she was the Gestapo's most-wanted person, with a 5 million-franc price on her head. When the network was betrayed in December 1943, she had to flee Marseille. Her husband, Henri Fiocca, stayed behind where later, unknown to Wake, he was captured, tortured and executed by the Gestapo on 16 October 1943.[3] She was not aware of his death until the war was over. Wake had been arrested in Toulouse, but was released four days later. She succeeded, on her sixth attempt, in crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. After reaching Britain, Wake joined the Special Operations Executive and on the night of 29–30 April 1944 she returned to occupied France, being parachuted into the Auvergne and becoming a liaison between London and the local maquis group headed by Captain Henri Tardivat. She coordinated resistance activity prior to the Normandy Invasion and recruited more members. She also led attacks on German installations and the local Gestapo HQ in Montluçon.[4] From April 1944 to the complete liberation of France, her 7,000 maquisards fought 22,000 SS soldiers, causing 1,400 casualties, while taking only 100 themselves. Her French companions, especially Henri Tardivat, praised her fighting spirit, amply demonstrated when she killed an SS sentry with her bare hands to prevent him raising the alarm during a raid. During a 1990s television interview, when asked what had happened to the sentry who spotted her, Wake simply drew her finger across her throat. On another occasion, to replace codes her wireless operator had been forced to destroy in a German raid, Wake rode a bicycle for more than 500 miles (800 km) through several German checkpoints.[5]

 

Post-war

Immediately after the war, Wake was awarded the George Medal,[6] the United States Medal of Freedom, the Médaille de la Résistance and thrice the Croix de Guerre. She was not awarded any Australian or New Zealand decorations.[7] She also learned that the Gestapo had tortured her husband to death in 1943 for refusing to disclose her whereabouts. After the war she worked for the Intelligence Department at the British Air Ministry attached to embassies of Paris and Prague. She was married for the second time in 1957, to an English ex-RAF fighter pilot, John Melvin Forward.[8] Wake stood as a Liberal candidate[9] in the 1949 Australian federal election for the Sydney seat of Barton, running against Dr. Herbert Evatt, then Deputy Prime Minister, Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs in the Ben Chifley Labor government. Whilst Chifley lost government to Robert Menzies, Wake recorded a 13 per cent swing against Evatt,[10] with Evatt retaining the seat with 53.2 per cent of the vote on a two-party preferred basis. Wake ran against Evatt again at the 1951 federal election. By this time, Evatt was Deputy Leader of the Opposition. The result was extremely close, however Evatt retained the seat with a margin of fewer than 250 votes.[11] Evatt slightly increased his margin at subsequent elections before relocating to the safer seat of Hunter by 1958. Wake left Australia just after the 1951 election and moved back to Europe to work, although she returned to Australia with her second husband, John Forward, in the early 1960s. Maintaining her interest in politics, Wake was endorsed as a Liberal candidate at the 1966 federal election for the Sydney seat of Kingsford Smith. Despite recording a swing of 6.9 per cent against the sitting Labor member Daniel Curtin, Wake was again unsuccessful.[12] Around 1985, Wake and John Forward left Sydney to retire to Port Macquarie. Wake was appointed a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1970 and was promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1988.[13] In 1985, Wake published her autobiography, entitled The White Mouse. The book became a best seller, and it has been reprinted many times since.[14] Her husband, John Forward, died at Port Macquarie on 19 August 1997; the couple had no children. In 2001, a comprehensive biography about Wake was written by Australian author Peter FitzSimons and called Nancy Wake, A Biography of Our Greatest War Heroine, (ISBN 0 7322 6919 9) and it also became a best-seller. That same year she left Australia for the last time and emigrated to London.[15] She initially refused offers of decorations from Australia saying "The last time there was a suggestion of that I told the government they could stick their medals where the monkey stuck his nuts. The thing is if they gave me a medal now, it wouldn't be love so I don't want anything from them".[7] In February 2004, she was made a Companion of the Order of Australia.[16] In April 2006, she was awarded the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association's highest honour,[17] the RSA Badge in Gold.[18] Wake's medals are on display in the Second World War gallery at the Australian War Memorial Museum in Canberra.[1] Before her death in 2011, she was living in The Royal Star and Garter Home for Disabled Ex-Service Men and Women in Richmond, London. On 3 June 2010, a 'heritage pylon' paying tribute to Wake was unveiled near the place of her birth in Oriental Parade, Wellington, New Zealand.[19][20] Wake died on Sunday evening 7 August 2011 at the Kingston Hospital after being admitted to hospital with a chest infection.[21] She requested that her ashes be scattered in central France.[22]

 

List of honours

Ribbon Issuing authority Description Date awarded Notes/citation
Ribbon of the AC Commonwealth of Australia Companion of the Order of Australia 22 February 2004 The award recognises the significant contribution and commitment of Nancy Wake, stemming from her outstanding actions in wartime, in encouraging community appreciation and understanding of the past sacrifices made by Australian men and women in times of conflict, and to a lasting legacy of peace.[16]
Ribbon of the GM United Kingdom George Medal 17 July 1945 FANY: Special operations in France[6][23]
Ribbon of the 1939–1945 Star Commonwealth of Nations 1939–1945 Star
Ribbon of the France & Germany Star Commonwealth of Nations France and Germany Star
Ribbon of the Defence Medal United Kingdom Defence Medal
Ribbon of the War Medal United Kingdom War Medal 1939–1945
Ribbon of the Legion of Honor – Chevalier French Republic Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1970
Ribbon of the Legion of Honor – Officier French Republic Officier de la Légion d'Honneur 1988
Ribbon de la croix de guerre French Republic Croix de Guerre with two Palms and a Star
Ribbon of the PMOF United States of America Medal of Freedom with Bronze Palm. (Only 987 issued with Bronze Palm during WWII)[24]
Ribbon de la Médaille de la Résistance French Republic Médaille de la Résistance
New Zealand Badge In Gold 15 November 2006 Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association[18]

 

Portrayal

Seasons 1 and 2 of the 1980s British television series 'Wish Me Luck' were based on her exploits and much of the dialogue was copied from her autobiography. Wake's story was told in a 1987 telemovie, Nancy Wake, which was released as True Colors in the USA. She was played by Australian actress Noni Hazlehurst. Sebastian Faulks's 1999 novel Charlotte Gray is thought to be based on Wake's war-time exploits, as well as those of Pearl Cornioley, a British secret-service agent. A feature film entitled The White Mouse, to be directed by Bruce Beresford, was in the early stages of production at the time of Wake's death.[25]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Dennis et al 1995, p. 626.
  2. ^ Peter Fitzsimons. Nancy Wake, a Biography of our Greatest War Heroine. Harper Collins Australia.2001. (ISBN 0 7322 6919 9).
  3. ^ The White Mouse
  4. ^ Nancy Wake Biography. (The White Mouse)
  5. ^ Peter Fitzsimons. Nancy Wake, Australia's Greatest War Heroine. Harper Collins Australia, 2001. (ISBN 0732269199)
  6. ^ a b "WAKE, Nancy: George Medal". Search Australian Honours. Commonwealth of Australia. 17 July 1945. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  7. ^ a b http://www.fighttimes.com/magazine/magazine.asp?article=79
  8. ^ "Wake, Nancy Grace Augusta (1912 – )". The Australian Women’s Register. The Australian Women's Register. 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  9. ^ "Maquis Heroine tries Politics". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media): p. 2. 30 March 1949. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  10. ^ "Barton, NSW". Voting by constituency: Legislative election 1949. 10 December 1949. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Barton, NSW". Voting by constituency: Legislative election 1951. 28 April 1951. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  12. ^ "Kingsford-Smith, NSW". Voting by constituency: Legislative election 1966. 26 November 1966. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  13. ^ "Nancy Wake promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honour".
  14. ^ Wake, Nancy (1985). The White Mouse. Sun Books. ISBN 0 330 35605 4.
  15. ^ Fickling, David (23 February 2004). "A belated salute for war heroine". The Guardian. Retrieved 08 August 2011.
  16. ^ a b "WAKE, Nancy: Companion of the Order of Australia". Search Australian Honours. Commonwealth of Australia. 22 February 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  17. ^ "RSA History: The Badge". Rememberance. Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association. 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  18. ^ a b "Nancy Wake presented with Badge in Gold". RSA Review. Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association. December 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  19. ^ http://www.capitaltimes.co.nz/article/3093/HeronlyregretnotkillingmoreNazis.html
  20. ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3774823/White-Mouse-war-legend-back-where-she-started
  21. ^ "War heroine Nancy Wake dies". Daily Telegraph (Australia). 2011. Retrieved 08 August 2011.
  22. ^ "The heroics of Nancy Wake saved thousands of lives and played a crucial role in the outcome of the war". The Australian. Australian Associated Press. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. "One operation included an attack on the local Gestapo headquarters in Montlucon, central France, where she requested her ashes be scattered."
  23. ^ Supplement to the London Gazette, 17 July 1945, p. 3676.
  24. ^ OMSA Info on Medal of Freedom
  25. ^ "Bruce Beresford to direct film on Nancy Wake's life: The White Mouse". Inside Film. 8 August 2011.

 

References

  • Braddon, Russell. Nancy Wake: The Story of a Very Brave Woman, Quality Book Club, Cassell & Co. Ltd:London, 1956.
  • Braddon, Russell. Nancy Wake, Pan Books, London; Sydney, 1958.
  • Braddon, Russell. Woman in Arms: The Story of Nancy Wake, Collins, London, 1963.
  • Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995), The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195532279
  • FitzSimons, Peter. Nancy Wake: A Biography of Our Greatest War Heroine, HarperCollins, Pymble, New South Wales, 2002,ISBN 0-00-714401-6.
  • Wake, Nancy. Autobiography of the Woman the Gestapo Called the White Mouse, Macmillan: South Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0-7251-0755-3.
  • "Son and heir in Labor stronghold", Sydney Morning Herald, 12 October 2006 [1]
  • "Finally, Nancy gets her gong", Sydney Morning Herald, 3 March 2004 [2]
  • "Her only regret:not killing more Nazis", Capital TImes, Wellington, 2 June 2010 [3]
  • "White Mouse war legend back where she started", The Dominion Post, Wellington, 4 June 2010 [4]

 

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